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Home/Compounds/Glucagon
GLP-1 agonistFDA approvedRx required

Glucagon

Also known as: GlucaGen · Baqsimi · Gvoke · Zegalogue
Brands: GlucaGen · Baqsimi · Gvoke · Zegalogue

29-amino-acid pancreatic hormone used as emergency treatment for severe hypoglycemia.

A
Grade A
Multiple human RCTs
Human studies21
PubMed citations26
Routesubcutaneous, intramuscular, intranasal
Regulatory (US)FDA approved · Rx
Last verified2 days ago

Mechanism of action

Binds pancreatic α-cell glucagon receptors; stimulates hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, raising blood glucose.

Evidence summary

21
Human studies
26
PubMed citations
25
Clinical trials
A
Evidence grade

Evidence summary in progress. See the citations section below for the underlying research papers.

Dosing protocols

Educational information only. Consult a licensed provider before using any peptide.
Administration routes
subcutaneousintramuscularintranasal

Side effects & safety

From the FDA label
Source
astheniadiarrheadizzinessheadachehypoglycemianauseatachycardiavomiting

Terms pulled directly from the referenced source. We don't fabricate frequencies — when a label doesn't publish a percentage, we don't either.

Interactions

No documented drug interactions on file.

Regulatory status

United States
FDA approved

FDA approved for severe hypoglycemia (multiple brands, multiple routes)

Compounding
Not permitted

Not available via 503A/503B compounding pharmacies.

Regulatory data last verified 4/19/2026

Clinical trials

NCT06903923Bone Metabolism in Adolescents Undergoing GLP-1 Receptor Agonist TherapyRecruiting · Phase 2 · Obesity in Children · n=120NCT07537686Glucagon-like Peptide 2 (GLP-2) in Undernourished Women Improving From Histology-Confirmed Environmental Enteric Dysfunction (EED)Not Yet Recruiting · Phase 2 · Environmental Enteric Dysfunction · n=55NCT06857942A Phase 4, Prospective, Open-Label, Single Arm Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Tirzepatide After Initiation of Ixekizumab in Adult Participants With Moderate-to-Severe Plaque Psoriasis and Obesity or Overweight in Clinical PracticeRecruiting · Phase 4 · Psoriasis · n=200NCT07247084A Phase 4 Multicenter, Randomized, Open-Label, Interventional Study With Pragmatic Elements Investigating the Effectiveness of Tirzepatide Once Weekly Compared With Standard of Care in Adult Participants With Obesity and Without Diabetes in a Real-World SettingRecruiting · Phase 4 · Obesity · n=3000NCT06937099A Phase 3b, Randomized, Multicenter, Controlled Study of Mirikizumab and Placebo or Mirikizumab Concomitantly Administered With Tirzepatide in Adult Participants With Moderately to Severely Active Crohn's Disease and Obesity or OverweightRecruiting · Phase 3 · Crohn's Disease · n=290NCT06937086A Phase 3b, Randomized, Multicenter, Controlled Study of Mirikizumab and Placebo or Mirikizumab Concomitantly Administered With Tirzepatide in Adult Participants With Moderately to Severely Active Ulcerative Colitis and Obesity or OverweightRecruiting · Phase 3 · Ulcerative Colitis · n=350NCT07165028A Master Protocol for a Randomized, Controlled, Clinical Trial of Multiple Pharmacologic Agents in Adult Participants With Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease Who Are at Increased Risk of Developing Major Adverse Liver OutcomesRecruiting · Phase 3 · Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease · n=4500NCT07254988Gut Peptides and Bone Remodeling in Children With Neuromuscular DisordersTerminated · N/A · Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) · n=3NCT07154719GLP-1R Actions on Muscle and the SkeletonRecruiting · Phase 4 · Musculoskeletal Abnormalities · n=50NCT07299084A Study to Evaluate the Effect of Fasting Duration and Temporary Withholding of Tirzepatide on Retained Gastric Contents Using Gastric Ultrasound in Participants With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Participants With Overweight or Obesity Without Type 2 Diabetes MellitusRecruiting · Phase 1 · Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 · n=40NCT06326060Investigation of the Safety and Efficacy of Once Weekly NNC0519-0130 in Participants With Overweight or Obesity - a Dose Finding StudyCompleted · Phase 2 · Obesity · n=354NCT06811324The Effects of Tirzepatide Use on Muscle and Vascular Function Among Obese Older AdultsRecruiting · Phase 2 · Obesity Prevention · n=20

Showing 12 of 25 indexed studies. View all on ClinicalTrials.gov →

Citations

PMID 37707700Giménez M, Khunti K et al. · Systematic Literature Review and Indirect Treatment Comparison of Three Ready-to-Use Glucagon Treatments for Severe Hypoglycemia.Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders (2026)HumanPMID 39891507Klausen MK, Knudsen GM et al. · Effects of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Alcohol Use Disorder.Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology (2025)HumanPMID 40706684Sánchez-Feliciano A, Herrera H et al. · Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in the adjunctive treatment of patients with hidradenitis suppurativa: A systematic review.Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2025)PMID 40329607Parker CH, Slattery C et al. · Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists' use during pregnancy: Safety data from regulatory clinical trials.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism (2025)HumanPMID 39535741Khan SS, Ndumele CE et al. · Discontinuation of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists.JAMA (2025)PMID 40855981D'Annibale DA, Mimoto M et al. · Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea.Current opinion in pulmonary medicine (2025)HumanPMID 40508146Marquez-Meneses JD, Olaya-Bonilla SA et al. · GLP-1 Analogues in the Neurobiology of Addiction: Translational Insights and Therapeutic Perspectives.International journal of molecular sciences (2025)HumanPMID 40041889Liu H, Hong Y et al. · Dual activation of GCGR/GLP1R signaling ameliorates intestinal fibrosis via metabolic regulation of histone H3K9 lactylation in epithelial cells.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B (2025)HumanPMID 40186344Berg S, Stickle H et al. · Discontinuing glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and body habitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity (2025)HumanPMID 32147318Patil M, Deshmukh NJ et al. · Glucagon-based therapy: Past, present and future.Peptides (2025)PMID 39480373Kindel TL, Wang AY et al. · Multisociety Clinical Practice Guidance for the Safe Use of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists in the Perioperative Period.Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association (2025)PMID 39717004Anderson SR, Ayoub M et al. · Safety and Effectiveness of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.The American journal of gastroenterology (2025)HumanPMID 38423900Chui ZSW, Shen Q et al. · Current status and future perspectives of FGF21 analogues in clinical trials.Trends in endocrinology and metabolism: TEM (2024)HumanPMID 38288136Alharbi SH · Anti-inflammatory role of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists and its clinical implications.Therapeutic advances in endocrinology and metabolism (2024)HumanPMID 38650100Bu T, Sun Z et al. · Glucagon-Like Peptide-1: New Regulator in Lipid Metabolism.Diabetes & metabolism journal (2024)HumanPMID 38093506Cimino G, Vaduganathan M et al. · Obesity, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, and the role of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists.ESC heart failure (2024)HumanPMID 39493561Jalleh RJ, Jones KL et al. · Surgical or medical treatment of obesity-associated type 2 diabetes-an increasing clinical conundrum.World journal of diabetes (2024)PMID 38632474Ansari S, Khoo B et al. · Targeting the incretin system in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.Nature reviews. Endocrinology (2024)HumanPMID 38111116Polyzos SA, Frühbeck G et al. · Peptide Polyagonists for the Treatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.Current pharmaceutical design (2024)HumanPMID 36082602Philips JC, Radermecker RP et al. · [Nasal glucagon (Baqsimi®), new treatment for hypoglycaemic coma].Revue medicale de Liege (2022)Human

Showing 20 of 26 papers. View all on PubMed →