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Home/Compounds/Glutathione
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Glutathione

Also known as: GSH · γ-Glu-Cys-Gly

Endogenous tripeptide (γ-Glu-Cys-Gly) antioxidant; widely compounded but not FDA approved for any systemic indication.

B
Grade B
Human observational studies
Human studies27
PubMed citations30
Routeintravenous, subcutaneous, oral, intranasal, inhalation
Regulatory (US)Compounding legal
Last verified2 days ago

Mechanism of action

Master endogenous antioxidant. Sulfhydryl group donates electrons to neutralize reactive oxygen species and supports phase II detoxification.

Evidence summary

27
Human studies
30
PubMed citations
25
Clinical trials
B
Evidence grade

Evidence summary in progress. See the citations section below for the underlying research papers.

Dosing protocols

Educational information only. Consult a licensed provider before using any peptide.
Administration routes
intravenoussubcutaneousoralintranasalinhalation

Side effects & safety

No FDA label or editorial side-effect profile is on file for this compound yet. See the clinical trials and citations sections for study-reported safety data.

Interactions

No documented drug interactions on file.

Regulatory status

United States
Not FDA approved

Not FDA approved for any systemic indication. Widely available through compounding pharmacies; oral and liposomal forms sold as dietary supplements.

Compounding
Permitted

Available through compounding pharmacies with valid prescription.

Regulatory data last verified 4/19/2026

Clinical trials

NCT07344688Effect of White Tea (Camellia Sinensis L.) Beverages on Anthropometric, Hematological, Biochemical and First Line Antioxidant Enzymes Activity of Healthy Human (Superoxide Dismutase, and Glutathione Peroxidase)Completed · N/A · Healhty · n=19NCT07064005Brain Glutathione (GSH) Enrichment Through Gamma-glutamylcysteine (GGC) Supplementation in Early Parkinson's Disease Patients for Reduction of Extrapyramidal Motor Disturbances and Halting Cognition Decline: A Pilot TrialRecruiting · Phase 1 · Parkinsons Disease (PD) · n=12NCT07050173Patients With Repetitive Head Impact Orally Supplemented With Gamma-glutamylcysteine: An Open Label Trial With MR Spectroscopy and Neuropsychological TestingRecruiting · Phase 1 · Repetitive Head Impacts · n=30NCT07521423Effects of a Dietary Supplement on Collagen Production and Evaluation of Its Regenerative and Anti-Ageing PropertiessCompleted · N/A · Healthy Ageing · n=92NCT05266417A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Phase II Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of Intranasal Insulin and Glutathione as an Add-On Therapy in Subjects With Parkinson's Disease (NOSE-PD)Recruiting · Phase 2 · Parkinson Disease · n=56NCT03493178Glutathione in Mild Cognitive ImpairmentActive Not Recruiting · Phase 1 · Mild Cognitive Impairment · n=60NCT07477275Combination of Oral and Topical Whitening Agents for Reducing Skin Pigmentation in Healthy Women: A Randomized Controlled TrialActive Not Recruiting · N/A · Dark Spots · n=68NCT07475546A Pilot Randomized Controlled Study of Combinatorial Gerotherapeutics for Healthspan ImprovementActive Not Recruiting · Phase 3 · Healthspan Improvement · n=30NCT03172975Phase 2 Study to Assess the Safety, Efficacy and Immunogenicity of Na-GST-1/Alhydrogel Co-administered With Different Toll-Like Receptor Agonists in Hookworm- Naïve AdultsCompleted · Phase 2 · Hookworm Infections · n=39NCT05122559Randomized Controlled Trial of N-acetyl Cysteine as a Neuroprotective Agent in Progressive Multiple SclerosisActive Not Recruiting · Phase 2 · Multiple Sclerosis · n=98NCT06260566A Phase 1 Trial of Tolerability of Enteral N-Acetylcysteine in InfantsNot Yet Recruiting · Phase 1 · Biliary Atresia · n=12NCT07448415Evaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of Oral Tranexamic Acid Combined With Glutathione-assisted Microneedling Versus Each Therapy Alone in the Treatment of MelasmaNot Yet Recruiting · Phase 2 · Melasma · n=42

Showing 12 of 25 indexed studies. View all on ClinicalTrials.gov →

Citations

PMID 41419146Shen J, Zhu Y et al. · Glutathione-responsive self-assembling peptide-coated Salmonella for antitumor therapy.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society (2026)HumanPMID 37594114Dehkordi HT, Ghasemi S · Glutathione Therapy in Diseases: Challenges and Potential Solutions for Therapeutic Advancement.Current molecular medicine (2025)HumanPMID 40408806Chirumbolo S, Franzini M et al. · Intravenous glutathione should not be mismatched with ozone as an antioxidant therapy.Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie (2025)HumanPMID 26213631Harper B, Sinche F et al. · The Impact of Surface Ligands and Synthesis Method on the Toxicity of Glutathione-Coated Gold Nanoparticles.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) (2024)HumanPMID 39442888Yang C, Ming H et al. · A pH and glutathione-responsive carbon monoxide-driven nano-herb delivery system for enhanced immunotherapy in colorectal cancer.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society (2024)HumanPMID 39298132Ding H, Zhou C et al. · Nanomedicines with Versatile GSH-Responsive Linkers for Cancer Theranostics.ACS biomaterials science & engineering (2024)HumanPMID 39696275Sun Y, Chen Y et al. · Synergistic SDT/cuproptosis therapy for liver hepatocellular carcinoma: enhanced antitumor efficacy and specific mechanisms.Journal of nanobiotechnology (2024)HumanPMID 38857606Chen G, Ping J et al. · Glutathione and acid dual-responsive bismuth-based nanosensitizer for chemo-mediated cancer sonodynamic therapy.Biomedical materials (Bristol, England) (2024)HumanPMID 38812031Liu Y, Wang X et al. · Glutathione-depleting Liposome Adjuvant for Augmenting the Efficacy of a Glutathione Covalent Inhibitor Oridonin for Acute Myeloid Leukemia Therapy.Journal of nanobiotechnology (2024)HumanPMID 36970628Liu P, Hao L et al. · Glutathione-responsive and -exhausting metal nanomedicines for robust synergistic cancer therapy.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology (2023)HumanPMID 37237960Giustarini D, Milzani A et al. · How to Increase Cellular Glutathione.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) (2023)HumanPMID 36438485Kim CH, You DG et al. · Self-immolative nanosensitizer for glutathione depletion- assisted sonodynamic therapy.Theranostics (2022)HumanPMID 36105219Li FJ, Long HZ et al. · System Xc -/GSH/GPX4 axis: An important antioxidant system for the ferroptosis in drug-resistant solid tumor therapy.Frontiers in pharmacology (2022)HumanPMID 32145265An P, Fan F et al. · Photothermal-reinforced and glutathione-triggered in Situ cascaded nanocatalytic therapy.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society (2021)HumanPMID 34482088Niu B, Liao K et al. · Application of glutathione depletion in cancer therapy: Enhanced ROS-based therapy, ferroptosis, and chemotherapy.Biomaterials (2021)PMID 33974797Cheng X, Xu HD et al. · Glutathione-Depleting Nanomedicines for Synergistic Cancer Therapy.ACS nano (2021)HumanPMID 32992775Guloyan V, Oganesian B et al. · Glutathione Supplementation as an Adjunctive Therapy in COVID-19.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) (2021)HumanPMID 34027953Xiong Y, Xiao C et al. · Engineering nanomedicine for glutathione depletion-augmented cancer therapy.Chemical Society reviews (2021)HumanPMID 34123123Li S, Zhang W et al. · Tumor microenvironment-oriented adaptive nanodrugs based on peptide self-assembly.Chemical science (2021)PMID 33050144Kennedy L, Sandhu JK et al. · Role of Glutathione in Cancer: From Mechanisms to Therapies.Biomolecules (2021)Human

Showing 20 of 30 papers. View all on PubMed →