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Home/Compounds/Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP)
HealingRx required

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP)

Also known as: VIP · Aviptadil

28-amino-acid peptide hormone; approved for erectile dysfunction abroad and studied intravenously for ARDS.

B
Grade B
Human observational studies
Human studies23
PubMed citations29
Routeintravenous, intranasal, inhalation
Regulatory (US)Rx required
Last verified2 days ago

Mechanism of action

Binds VPAC1 and VPAC2 G-protein-coupled receptors. Potent vasodilator and bronchodilator; modulates immune and epithelial function.

Evidence summary

23
Human studies
29
PubMed citations
19
Clinical trials
B
Evidence grade

Evidence summary in progress. See the citations section below for the underlying research papers.

Dosing protocols

Educational information only. Consult a licensed provider before using any peptide.
Administration routes
intravenousintranasalinhalation

Side effects & safety

No FDA label or editorial side-effect profile is on file for this compound yet. See the clinical trials and citations sections for study-reported safety data.

Interactions

No documented drug interactions on file.

Regulatory status

United States
Not FDA approved

Not FDA approved. Investigational intravenous aviptadil was studied for COVID-19 ARDS.

Compounding
Not permitted

Not available via 503A/503B compounding pharmacies.

Regulatory data last verified 4/19/2026

Clinical trials

NCT04788277Investigation Into Detection of Prostate Cancer Using Voided UrineRecruiting · Prostate Carcinoma · n=675NCT03898856Yield of Diagnostic Tests and Management of Crofelemer for Chronic Idiopathic Diarrhea In Non-HIV Patients: A Pilot StudyCompleted · Phase 4 · Chronic Diarrhea of Unknown Origin · n=93NCT04843761A Multicenter, Adaptive, Randomized, Blinded Controlled Trial of the Safety and Efficacy of Investigational Therapeutics for Hospitalized Patients With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Associated With COVID-19Completed · Phase 3 · Covid19 · n=473NCT06729606A Multicenter, Adaptive, Randomized, Blinded Controlled Trial of the Safety and Efficacy of Investigational Therapeutics for Hospitalized Patients With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Associated With COVID-19 (Trial H1: Aviptadil)Completed · Phase 3 · Covid19 · n=471NCT04844580A Comparative, Multicenter, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Phase II Clinical Trial Evaluating the Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of Inhaled Aviptadil in Patients 18 Years and Older With COVID-19 Pulmonary Involvement - HOPECompleted · Phase 2 · Covid19 · n=80NCT04360096Inhaled ZYESAMI™ for the Treatment of Severe COVID-19Terminated · Phase 2 · SARS-CoV 2 · n=144NCT05137795Inhaled ZYESAMI (Aviptadil Acetate) for the Treatment of Severe COVID-19 (AVICOVID-3)Withdrawn · Phase 3 · SARS-CoV 2NCT04453839ZYESAMI (Aviptadil) Intermediate Population Expanded Access ProtocolNo Longer Available · Critical COVID-19 With Respiratory FailureNCT03556020A Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel Group, Phase 2 Study to Assess the Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of Once Weekly Subcutaneous (SC) Injections of a Sustained-Release Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) Analogue, Pemziviptadil (PB1046), in Adult Subjects With Symptomatic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH)Terminated · Phase 2 · Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension · n=35NCT00004494Phase I Study of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide in Patients With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and SepsisCompleted · Phase 1 · Sepsis · n=18NCT04433546A Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel Group Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Once Weekly Subcutaneous Injections of Pemziviptadil (PB1046), a Sustained-Release VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide) ANalogue, in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients at HiGh Risk for Rapid Clinical Deterioration and ARDS (PB1046 VANGARD Study)Terminated · Phase 2 · Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome · n=54NCT04260035The Effects of a Long-lasting Infusion of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) on Headache, Cranial Hemodynamic and Autonomic Symptoms in Episodic Migraine Patients Without AuraCompleted · N/A · Migraine · n=21

Showing 12 of 19 indexed studies. View all on ClinicalTrials.gov →

Citations

PMID 40141308Gutzler C, Höhne K et al. · Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) in COVID-19 Therapy-Shedding of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 via ADAM10.International journal of molecular sciences (2025)HumanPMID 41368449Udupa AA, Todur P et al. · Aviptadil Therapy in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Indian journal of critical care medicine : peer-reviewed, official publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine (2025)PMID 41368453Chanchalani G · Aviptadil in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome-Promise or Mirage?Indian journal of critical care medicine : peer-reviewed, official publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine (2025)PMID 37998368Withana M, Castorina A · Potential Crosstalk between the PACAP/VIP Neuropeptide System and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Relevance to Multiple Sclerosis Pathophysiology.Cells (2023)HumanPMID 37774815Mahmoudzadeh K, Habibi Z et al. · Peptiligase, an enzyme for efficient chemo-enzymatic synthesis of aviptadil.International journal of biological macromolecules (2023)PMID 37692278Jia W, Yang D · Study effect of MAPA-VIP on control of allergic asthma pathophysiology.Postepy dermatologii i alergologii (2023)HumanPMID 37742737Zhong HL, Li PZ et al. · The role of vasoactive intestinal peptide in pulmonary diseases.Life sciences (2023)HumanPMID 36385145Piper SJ, Deganutti G et al. · Understanding VPAC receptor family peptide binding and selectivity.Nature communications (2022)HumanPMID 34846667Mukherjee T, Behl T et al. · Anticipated pharmacological role of Aviptadil on COVID-19.Environmental science and pollution research international (2022)HumanPMID 35897648Lu J, Piper SJ et al. · Targeting VIP and PACAP Receptor Signaling: New Insights into Designing Drugs for the PACAP Subfamily of Receptors.International journal of molecular sciences (2022)HumanPMID 36127739Boesing M, Abig K et al. · Inhaled aviptadil for the possible treatment of COVID-19 in patients at high risk for ARDS: study protocol for a randomized, placebo-controlled, and multicenter trial.Trials (2022)HumanPMID 35563181Jansen MI, Thomas Broome S et al. · Exploring the Pro-Phagocytic and Anti-Inflammatory Functions of PACAP and VIP in Microglia: Implications for Multiple Sclerosis.International journal of molecular sciences (2022)HumanPMID 35199308Broome ST, Musumeci G et al. · PACAP and VIP Mitigate Rotenone-Induced Inflammation in BV-2 Microglial Cells.Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN (2022)HumanPMID 29896593Zhang R, Leeper CN et al. · Immunomodulatory vasoactive intestinal peptide amphiphile micelles.Biomaterials science (2018)HumanPMID 27553659Jiang W, Wang H et al. · Role of vasoactive intestinal peptide in osteoarthritis.Journal of biomedical science (2017)HumanPMID 27583030Dréanic J, Lepère C et al. · Emergency therapy for liver metastases from advanced VIPoma: surgery or transarterial chemoembolization?Therapeutic advances in medical oncology (2016)PMID 23094831Burian B, Ortner A et al. · Clinical potential of VIP by modified pharmaco-kinetics and delivery mechanisms.Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets (2013)HumanPMID 20442436Prasse A, Zissel G et al. · Inhaled vasoactive intestinal peptide exerts immunoregulatory effects in sarcoidosis.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine (2010)HumanPMID 18978135Leuchte HH, Baezner C et al. · Inhalation of vasoactive intestinal peptide in pulmonary hypertension.The European respiratory journal (2009)HumanPMID 17537541Onoue S, Yamada S et al. · Bioactive analogues and drug delivery systems of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) for the treatment of asthma/COPD.Peptides (2008)Human

Showing 20 of 29 papers. View all on PubMed →